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This study compares democratization in Iran and Turkey during the periods from 1906 to 1913. We show that Iranian and Ottoman society experienced the wave of democratization in 1906 and 1908 respectively. We argue that although Iran and Turkey established some fundamental requirements of democratic system such as parliamentary election, Majlis and constitutional law, after a very short time, the countries returned to authoritarianism. Our argument is that the dynamics of the authoritarianism revolve around strategic interactions between the military actors and political elites in the regime and the foreign powers. The strategic choices made by these groups determined the main process of the authoritarianism. This study uses comparative hist
The subject of this article is the sociological study of cosmopolitan and universalism approaches in Iranian society. The theoretical model of the research is based on Alrich Beck, Ronald Robertson, Malcolm Waters and John Tomlinson theories. The type of research is both documentary and quantitative and based on social survey. The samples were ?811 people, selected on a (by gender) proportional classified sampling method, while on the final stages, samples were selected on the based of a simple and systematic random sampling. the empirical evidence of the research indicates that the tendency towards cosmopolitanism and universalism is high in the sample society. Based on the empirical findings of the research, it can be judged that the obse
The subject of this article is the sociological study of political tolerance in Iran. The theoretical model of the research are based on the theories of Paul Wagt in his analysis of political tolerance and the role of education in it, and Anthony Giddens in his analysis of the role of globalization and the new media in political and cultural change. The type of research is quantitative and based on social survey. The sample size is 811 people and the sampling method is proportional classification sampling (by gender) and in the final stages it is a simple and systematic random sampling. Experimental evidence from research indicates an increase in the tendency to political tolerance in exemplary society. Based on the experimental findings of
This study focuses on the democratization in Iran from 1909 to 2013. I show that Iranian society experienced four waves of democratization. I argue that although Iran has experienced long-run processes of democratic change, the country has not yet been able to establish a democratic system. Meanwhile, these long-run processes of democratic change have led to long-lasting institutional change, realizing some of the minimum criteria of the transition process, including periodic elections. I set out a theory by which democratization increases parallel to the degree of socio-economic development. Importantly, I argue that successful democratization hinges on political elites strategically choosing to refrain from repression. The strategic choic
The aim of this study is to analyze the social status of Iranian political elites of the seventh to the tenth cabinets. The theoretical apparatus stands on Marx's theory and Weber's approach of social status. The research method is the comparative-descriptive analysis, using archival data. The unites of analysis are the members of the seventh to the tenth cabinets. Based on the empirical findings, 95.8% of the cabinet members were male, with a mean age of 48 years. Furthermore, 86.2% of the members were city-dwellers. So far as the provincial distribution is concerned, the members were mostly from Tehran (20.2%), Isfahan (13.1%), and Yazd (11%). Concerning their acquired social status, 49.7% of the cabinet members had Ph. D. degrees, and 29
This paper initially attempts to demonstrate that Iranian society has constantly attempted to democratize the authoritarian regime, but it usually fails in the transition stage. I have shown that the democratization process in Iran has often resulted in the creation of a newly shaped authoritarian structure rather than an institutionalized democratic regime.? Meanwhile, I have argued that the democratic process has not been interrupted and some of the minimum criteria of the transition process, such as the politics of periodic elections, have been realized in Iran. In this study the democratic transition has been explained through socioeconomic development. The data for this paper consist of forty-two cases of parliamentary and presidential
This article attempts to explain democratization in Iran through an eliteoriented approach. According to this approach, the success and failure of democratization depends on the political elite strategy. My argument is that the fate of democratization is determined by elite strategies. If their strategy is considered suppressive, an authoritarian cycle will take place in the transition stage, but if the political elite strategy is considered nonsuppressive, the index of democratic transition increases. In this study, the political elites are divided into two groups: conservatives and reformists. The analysis method is historical-narrative technique. The empirical findings indicate that whenever the hardliners inside the government are stron
In this article it is tried the political culture of Iranian society in a qualitative range of authoritarianism to democratic, to be analyzed. Theoretical perspectives on the political culture of Iran have been formed, Analyzes different and sometimes conflicting with each other are provided; A set of views, political culture of Iran has introduced with characteristics and features of undemocratic and authoritarian. And another group, democratic indexes attributed to it; including the indexes emphasis on high-amount political participation in the different election periods. In this study, using a quantitative survey based on fuzzy data, the political culture of the city of Urmia and Khorramabad, that have the lowest and highest rates electo
The subject of this paper is analysis of the process of democratization in Afghanistan within the time period of 1907-2008 AD. The article claims that over the past one hundred years (1907-2008 AD), the Afghans in four historical periods of" Constitutionalist Movement"(1907-1928 AD)," The Democracy Period"(1946-1953AD)," The Decade of Constitution"(1963-1973 AD) and" The Interim Government, The Transitional Government, and The Islamic Republic"(2001-2008 AD), have made efforts towards the democratization of their society’s political and social relations. However," democracy" has not been established in Afghanistan yet. To prove this claim, the question of “Why democratization process in Afghanistan has not led to democracy?” has been
Results: The findings showed that the ERT has the relatively low concentration with the density of 0.2 overall, the result reflect a low level of interactions among response reams at emergency situations management.
This article is offers a sociological analysis on the role of civil society in democratic consolidation. As the third phase in democratization process, democratic consolidation is considered the precondition for its successfulness. The Cosolidology studies are part of democratization literature which focus on democratic consolidation experience, its conditions and influent factors, as well as study of how democracy can be realized and completed in new emerging democracies. The special experience of Eastern Europe and Latin America in their democratization and democratic consolidation process brought about significant attention of academic researches to the role, contribution and impacts of civil society in democratic consolidation. The sign
Various community groups can play important role in disaster management. Countries with different segments of people directly participate in activities to reduce the risk. Therefore, regarding the role of women's participation in disaster management process and as a part of human society will have an important role in this process, identify and analyze the factors affecting women's presence is essential. However, the central role of women in families and communities remains unknown in most parts of the world specially in planning and managing the disaster. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the different capabilities of women to participate actively in the cycle of disaster management and providing strategies for increa
The aim of this study (2012) is to investigate the relationship between the sense of security and trust. This research is based on the theoretical approach of Giddens. Giddens believes that the new world has brought about non-reassuring and unsecured situation. So trust will provide the formation of security and if trust is not grown, it will be fears and feelings of security. Target population of this research included all Arak citizens. Technique of data collection is based on questionnaire. Sampling method is stratified random and sample size is 400. In this article, sense of security is measured in the four dimensions of financial, physical, intellectual and collective and the relationship of each of these dimensions are measured separa
The current paper deals with the effect of globalization on national and ethnic identities: a case study on Kurds of city Sanandaj. The main question here is how the globalization process links to national and ethnic identities in Iran. Although, the main axis of this framework is based on Roland Robertson's theory, the paper takes into account some other views on the globalization. Hypotheses propounded under the above theoretical framework are as follows: There is a relationship between globalization, consumption of mass-media, tendency for membership in NGOs, and taking trips, and identity. Consequently, consumption of mass media, having tendency for membership in NGOs, and traveling to other provinces and abroad caused weakening of nati
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The problem of this study is differtiation degree of democracy. At theoritical level, component of social capital and Inequality of income distribution and unrentier revenue are necessary condition for democracy. The method of this essay is the comparative cross-national. population of this study is 156 countries that have data for comparison, but in each analysis, because of missed data, quantity of cases is different. The method of judging of hypothesis is Fuzzy and used software is spss, Exel and Fs/QCAf. Empical results show in the almost always cases, Interpersonal Trust and unrentier revenue are necessary condition for democracy. Participation in Civil Society and Trustworthines and Inequality in distribution income usually are necess
In this article, political culture of the Conservatives and Reformists elites in Iran is discussed. The research questions are ” What are the characteristics of conservatives and reformists elites”? and “What are similarities and differences of political culture among conservatives and reformists elites?”. The theoretical Frameworte of the discussoion is formulated, based on the political culture theories of Almond and Verba. The study was conducted as a social survey and the research tools were questionnaire. The data have been collected by Fuzzy scale. We used the descriptive statistics techniques such as frequency and percentage for data analysis. The observational units were members of Reformist and Conservative parti
The subject of this paper is reconstruction of public choice theory. The public choice theory, as the theoretical basis of modern political economy, has been criticized from different perspectives. This paper aims to find a way to redress the methodological defects of this theory by putting the public choice theory in a structural background. In this paper, we have tried to introduce a combined theoretical system which is the result of the rational reconstruction of the public choice theory in Jessop’s strategic-relational theory from the critical realistic approach.
The subject of this paper is the development of national economy, with the main question of “How can we explain the political barriers of the development of national economy in Iran (1989-2004)? In order to solving the problem, we refered to the theories of development by categorizing and critically evaluating. Then we formulated the theoretic apparatus, which is synthesis of Left-witch theory of developmental state, Rentier state theory and short-term society of Katouzian. By operational definition of the concepts of theoretic apparatus, for the purpose of data collection, we used documentary analysis. As for the method as judgment, narrative analysis was applied to analyze the so-called phenomenon as a historical case and to consider it
The problem of this article is the degree of polity variability between countries. The research question is stated as follows: how can we explain the degree of polity variability between countries? Based on the theoretical framework, social capital is the necessary causal condition for democracy. The original approach of the essay is comparative analysis between countries. The technique for data collection is the analysis of existing data (the secondary). The studied population consists of countries that in 1990 and 2010 have valid data for all the related concepts.? For the arbitration of the article's assumptions the fuzzy method, and for data analysis the SPSS, Excel, and Fs / QCAf software were used. The experimental findings indicate t