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After the composition of the great work of Molavi called “Masnavi”, different explanations have been proposed for it by different scholars through the pass of time. Currently we can observe the viewpoints of different literary writers and through comparing their views we can understand that: up to now there have been very varied outlooks towards the verses in Masnavi in explanations approaches utilized by the different thought schools. As we investigated about the word “Rostam” known as one of the six symbols of the myths proposed in descriptions of Masnavi, proposed by Forouzanfar, Shahidi, Jaafari, Estelami, Zamani, and Golbinarly we found the response for the question that what was the outlook of those who explained Masnavi encou
Literature has a special position in representing society. The novel is a special literary genre and a perfect mirror which reflects and reveals the events, progress, growth and change of the society. Most especially in both countries of Iran and Senegal, this style of writing has been accompanied by the social and cultural changes. Family is the most important and fundamental element of the community. The main role of the story is been played by the family in most contemporary novels. The concept of family plays a key role in most contemporary novels, and the main role of the story is always introduced in the family. On the other hand, the roles that humans take in their families often expresses the realities of the community. Regarding th
In the mystic/gnostic texts and in theosophists’ teachings, the issue of God’s names holds a special status, particularly broader and more important than all other mystic themes. The discussion concerning the majestic attributes of Allah and the beautiful names of Allah, their manifestations, and the characteristic effects of each on the human soul have comprised a large part of mystical written works, in which Sufi-oriented authors have proposed their views on these matters. In this research, applying an analytical and descriptive approach, and after an investigation into the resources related to the history of the holy names of God and the mystics' viewpoints, two prominent books of the fourth and sixth centuries (Kashf al-Mahjub and
Els Ghazals de Hafez (Xiraz, c. 1315-1389) i el Canzoniere de Petrarca (1304-1374) tenen, pel cap baix, tres caracter?stiques comunes: tots dos poemaris s?n coetanis, contenen un nombre similar de versos i constitueixen el cim de la poesia amorosa medieval, l’un de la persa i l’altre de l’europea. La cabellera ?s un dels atributs de l’estimat m?s lloats per tots dos poetes (57 vegades en el Canzoniere i 249 vegades en els Ghazals). El present article fa un estudi comparatiu de les coincid?ncies i de les difer?ncies en la descripci? i el simbolisme de la cabellera de l’estimat en els Ghazals de Hafez i el Canzoniere de Petrarca.
A literary work is some kind of announcing the self-existence, and a woman's works are considered as continuity of her natural existence as well as an emphasis on her cultural, social, ideological and spiritual aspects. In fact, romance is the arena for introducing a woman's identity. Prototype is the primary model, which stimulates the writer's mind in the real life to create a character, and gives her or him the instrument and raw materials for this creation.
Tending essay, in particular masters and students on MA and PH.D degree, in Iranian scientific society, it is an unavoidable to recognize necessarily edition methods within scientific standards. A work like Principle of Scientific – Scholarly Edition by Dr. Mahmoud Fotuhi, is a necessitous motion that response to this necessity. Moreover noticing sorts of standards and updated method, edition and compilation of this kind of books need idealistic scientific scrupulosity and precision, studying pioneer books in this subject and other necessaries. Fortunately most of this specifications is obvious in compiling this book. This paper is consequence of considering this work and recalling some editional lapses in the text which, by accepting by
Indo-european worldview has been reflected considerably in the formation of the Persian poem and prose, because of its literary and contextual grandeur. It has affected many works in various aspects, so that its mythology has been used in the prominent works such as Firdausi's Shahnameh and the Kyrgyz epic of Manas. However, the way of possessing such a worldview by Shahnameh and Manas is the subject of current research. In this regard, we have described and considered the behavior of heroes in the two works based on the George Dumezil's Three Functions Theory. Our study reveals that the tree functions of the theory have been applied all over the stories of these two epics. This theory is based on the two vises: coordination and contrast; m
The Ghazals of Hafiz and the Canzoniere of Petrarch (1304–1374) have at least three common characteristics:(a) from the qualitative point of view: Each of these two works is at the top of the medieval love poetry: one in the Persian literature, and the other in the European literature;(b) from the chronological point of view: These two books of poetry have been written during the fourteen the century AD (8 th century AH);(c) from the quantitative point of view: The ghazals of Hafiz contain near 4092 distichs or bayts (ie, 8184 lines or mesra') and the Canzoniere of Petrarch contains 7784 lines. So, they are contemporary, contain a similar number of lines and are at the top of the medieval love poetry. The description of the beloved's eye
Bostan ol-Arefin va Tohfat ol-Moridin is one of the mystical prose texts of the Khorasan area in the fifth century AH Among the many Persian literary texts, it is considered as a precious ancient source for many of the anecdotes, miracles and sayings of the Sufis. Furthermore, the linguistic features of this book such as numerous special vocabularies, stylistic aspects and prose similar to the spoken language of the fifth century are among the other values of this book. Bostan ol-Arefin va Tohfat ol-Moridin, Montakhab-e Ronaq ol-Majalis and the attachments whose second edition has recently been released was published by Dr. Ahmad Ali Rajai Bukharaee in 1354 S (1975). In this article the author is going to investigate this printed text by us
Studying myths has always been a fascinating subject for scholars, passing of the time not being able to diminish its importance. One of the main reasons of myths to be attractive is the kinds of beliefs different nations or ethnic groups have about gods. The present research tries to have a comparative look at gods of water in Iranian and Vietnamese mythology. In Iranians mythology, gods of water are powerful and angelic, but in Vietnamese mythology, these characteristics are less salient. On the other hand, Vietnamese myths, sometimes are symbol of kindness and grace and sometimes symbol of violence and corruption.
Although old texts are distorted or changed due to various reasons such as unfamiliarity of writers who take them away from their origin and make it difficult to achieve a correct edition by using of the manuscripts, especially when there is a unique manuscript of the text or the existing manuscript is different with the other available versions, the Correction of each text should be usually done on the basis of its manuscript or manuscripts. The corrector has no way except referring the sources or references had been used by the author. The corrector of Bostan al-Arefin va Tohfat al-Moridin, one of the mystical prose texts of the fifth century which its known manuscripts are different and the problems and ambiguities of the oldest of its m
Mohammad Shamsoddin Hafez (Shiraz, Persia 1315-1389) is considered the most important Persian lyrical poet. Ambiguity is a highly appreciated feature in Persian literature. Hafez is a master of the art of word-play, like puns and amphibologies, which allow for a line to be interpreted in more than one way.
Khaqani Shervani is one of the renowned poets of the sixth century, who outstripped many other poets in saying complicated poems by using an intricate technical style as well as citing many scientific, religious, historical, mythological terms and folk beliefs in his poems. That is why many of Khaqanischolars have attempted to reveal some hidden mysteries of his poems in addition to editing his Divan. By explaining full verses or a selection of them, they have tried to help researcherswith Khaqani’s poems. Exegesis of Khaqani's Divan by Dr. Mohammadreza Barzegar Khaleqi is one of the mentioned efforts. In his work, Dr. Barzegar Khaleqi, with an access to a huge collection of scholarly works on Khaqaniincluding descriptions, books, excerpt
The frequency of interrogative verses in Naser Khosrow’s Divan is very high compared to other didactic poets, which can be understood from different point of views. This feature of Naser Khosrow’s style can be analyzed considering different extratextual aspects, the most important ones are: a) the effect of stylistic features of Koran on Naser Khosrow’s style b) the effect of Socratic Method on the educational enrichment of the poetry c) the rhetorical and aesthetical use of interrogative phrases to obtain artistic enrichment of the poetry d) the influence of Ismailite propaganda methods. This study tries to address these essential aspects of Naser Khosrow’s works based on the statistics extracted from his divan.
With the advent of linguistic researches in the early seventies on the conditions of the women in language, an overwhelming turn came into the sociolinguistics. The most important rationale behind this attitude was the surge in Feminist movements in the modern times. Women authors strongly believe that masculine/male literature reinforces traditional sexual clich?s and that in their works, portrays women as dependent and victim. They contend that the image depicted by men in their works of women is more frequently than not unrealistic. In other words, women/females in most of the literary works are considered as “others” to men/males and, henceforth, in male-dominated literature, the women question and the women experience are not dealt
There are several attitudes about the linguistic characteristics of literary works by female authors. The present study aims at highlighting the need for a stylistic analysis of female fictions as a method for linguistic, literary, and ideological analyses of these works. In this study, we have studied the most important stylistic aspects of Pirzad’s writings through a feminist stylistic approach. The results of the study indicate that from the first work of the author (Mesl-e hameh-ye asr-ha [1]) to the last work (Ādat mikonim [2]), a feminist point of view has emerged at different levels of the texts, eg lexicon, sentence, and discourse. The changing trend of thought which leads to linguistic transformation and development in the autho
El div?n de Hafez (Shiraz, c. 1320-1389) est? considerado una obra maestra y la cima del ghazal persa. La poes?a amorosa del Hafez describe con especial atenci?n la belleza del amado, cuyos elementos m?s destacados son la cara, la cabellera, los ojos, los labios, las cejas, el lunar, el bozo y las pesta?as. El presente art?culo describe las caracter?sticas y el significado simb?lico del rostro, la cabellera, los ojos, los labios, las cejas, el lunar, el bozo y las pesta?as del amado en los" Ghazales" de Hafez. En la poes?a de Hafez, la contemplaci?n est?tica se convierte en una meditaci?n teol?gica.
The divan of Hafez (Shiraz, c. 1320-1389) is considered a masterpiece and the summit of the Persian ghazal. The love poetry of Hafez describe with special atention the beloved's beauty, whose more important elements are the face, the hair, the eyes, the lips, the eyebrows, the freckle, the headstall and the eyelash. The present paper describes the characteristics and the symbolic meaning of the beloved's face, hair, eyes, lips, eyebrows, freckle, headstall and eyelash in the Ghazals of Hafez. In the Hafez's poetry, aesthetic contemplation becomes a theological meditation.