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In order to become a fully competent speaker of a language one needs to acquire the phonology, develop a lexicon, learn how to inflect verbs and noun phrases, or learn how to build sentences. However, in order to be able to communicate smoothly and efficiently with other speakers, individuals also have to learn how to organize the information they want to convey in such a way that the message will be well understood by their interlocutors. One of the most important aspects of information structure is information status, which is, the marking of discourse referents as new or given. Most studies of information status marking have mostly concentrated on morpho-syntactic means, in particular the use of definite and indefinite noun phrases. C
In this article, considering impersonal sentences with the subject in the accusative case, which conveys the physical state of a living being, an attempt is made to compare them with the Persian correlates. This type of impersonal sentences can cause different problems for the Persian-speaking students due to their grammatical specificity (eg the uses of the subject in the accusative, rather than in the more common dative case, the dissimilarity of their syntactic structure with the native, Persian, language, etc.). The article shows that for many of the analyzed Russian sentences there can be found Persian correlates in which the real semantic subject of the sentence does not coincide with the grammatical subject. The use of such structure
The review of master's theses defended in the period of 2006-2016 at the Department of Russian language of Tehran University in the field of literary relations between Iran and Russia is made. The authors highlight the main perspectives of comparative studies of Iranian undergraduates who studies Russian, identify the main features of the process of mutual influences of Persian and Russian literature. It is shown which Russian and Persian writers, periods in history of literature and scientific approaches are most popular in the academic and educational environment of Iran. The article also reveals a number of thematic areas that remain outside the field of view of undergraduates, although their scientific development seems very promising.
This study tries to examine the syntactic characteristics of imperative structures with figurative meaning in the Russian language and the manner of their translation and description in Persian. Grammatical forms in the Russian language, apart from their original meaning, can also be applied in auxiliary and figurative meanings. The imperative mood in this language is not exempted from this rule. The original meaning of imperative mood predicates to an action that has been requested ie when a person commands someone to do an action. The imperative mood in the Russian language, with giving away its original meaning, is applied for expressing various grammatical meanings such as action conditions, necessity, possibility to perform an action,
From the cognitive point of view, the Russian & Persian languages belong to the same lingual family–the Indo-European branch; therefore they have similarities in their morphological and syntactic structures. Negative sentences refer to the inexistence of a person or object or their qualities. Negation and negative sentences are discussed in both Russian and Persian languages. There are various forms of negative structures in Russian language which are usually hard to understand for Persian students. Lack of knowledge of these structures lead to misunderstandings. On the other hand, negative structures in Persian language are not so complicated; therefore linguists have paid less attention to this particular concept compared to other gramm
Farhang–e Bozorg-e Sokhan (Sokhan’s Grand Dictionary, 8 vol., under the supervision of Hasan Anvari, Sokhan, Tehran, 2002) is relatively a new research in the field of Persian Lexicography. This dictionary as using of the achievements of previous dictionaries has many outstanding innovations various aspects of Lexicography. For example, beside of using of body language, in the process of choosing of words, it has given attention to different aspects of transcription, combinations of words, examples and relevant evidences. Etymology of Persian words is one of the characteristics of this dictionary, especially for the first time, it mentions the Russian origins of 90 Persian words. However, despite of this innovation, we can see some defe
The concept of tense is an important issue in the morphological and syntactic analysis of words and sentences. The connection between this concept and other parts of the sentence, including the verb, and understanding its structural, semantic and conceptual differences has always been considered by Russian and Persian linguists. In this article, various types of direct and figurative applications of the Russian present tense are studied considering their equivalent expressions in the Persian language. While the present tense exists in both mentioned languages, there remain distinct conceptual, semantic and structural differences, of which lack of knowledge leads to difficulties and mistakes in learning, translation and research. Realizing t
Predicate IS one of the mom components of sentence that gives a description about the subject and its grammatical form is dictated by the subject. Depending on the kind of the verb used in the predicate structure and on the way grammatical and semantic meanings are expressed, predicate s may take different forms: verbal, nominal, simple, and non simple. This type of classification for the predicate exists in both Russian and Persian. Russian linguists study the issue of predicate mainly in verbs, while in Persian the majority of linguists consider predicate to be anything expressed about the subject of the sentence. Pissicov, a Russian linguist, gives a new classification for predicates in Persian which facilitates the selection of equivale
There are different ways in Russian language to express prohibition and caution. Choosing the suitable aspect of the verb (perfective or imperfective) in each of these structures shall be based on specific lexical and grammatical considerations that may change the semantics of sentences. Since the category of verbal aspect does not exist in Persian language (as in Russian), the Iranian students often find it hard to choose the right aspect of Russian verbs. This article attempts to provide a classification of different prohibitive and cautioning structures in Russian language and examine the role of verbal aspect in each of them in order to find the most appropriate lexical and grammatical structures that can express these semantics in Pers
The case of grammatical gender is one of the important topics studied in the Russian morphology. Nouns are considered to have four different genders in Russian: masculine, feminine, neutral and common. Two of them, ie masculine and feminine (animate nouns), are closely related to natural or real gender. The gender of nouns determines that of their modifiers, such as adjectives, quantifiers, pronouns, etc. Taking a translational view, this paper attempts to categorize the grammatical gender of nouns in Russian based on the animate-inanimate category and compare them with their corresponding nouns in Persian. Since there is a great difference between these notions in Russian and Persian, and Iranian learners of Russian face problems in utiliz
This study explores differing ways the meaning of Russian verbs with prefix ?-по? can be conveyed in Persian. The difficulty students experience when translating such verbs into Persian encouraged the researchers to conduct the present study. In effect, the main source of difficulty is the fact that when prefix ?-по? is attached to the stem of verbs, it can convey different meanings. Since in Persian we do not have too many of such prefixes and they cannot express the grammatical function of words either, both lexical and grammatical meanings of the prefix ?-по? are translated into Persian using features other than prefixes. It is worth mentioning that when prefix ?-по? is attached to Russian verbs, they can express several meanings
“Stress” is one of the features of grammar that is visible in both Persian and Russian languages at the level of their terminologies. Since, leaning in Russian language often encounters problems for Persian language learners, especially at the time of pronouncing the words, the current research attempts to focus on the those aspects with an emphasis on important problems including reasons of pronunciation interference of Russian words among Persian speakers.
This study explores differing ways the meaning of Russian verbs with prefix ?-ᴨo? can be conveyed in Persian. The difficulty students experience when translating such verbs into Persian encouraged the researchers to conduct the present study. In effect, the main source of difficulty is the fact that when prefix ?-ᴨo? is attached to the stem of verbs, it can convey different meanings.
The present paper, using a translational approach, tries to study the application of verbal forms of infinitives in Russian two-element simple sentences. In fact, it summarizes the ways such sentences are translated into Persian. Both infinitives and two-element simple sentences are widely used in Persian, but, unlike Russian infinitives, Persian infinitives have no verbal forms and play different roles, eg a noun, in the sentence. This paper aims at studying the ways of conveying the meanings of verbal forms of infinitives in Russian two-element simple sentences into Persian. The paper also analyzes the application of such verbal forms in Russian two-element simple sentences in view of their translation into Persian.
From typological perspective, both Russian and Persian belong to the same language Family (ie Indo-European). They have many common Features in their lexical and syntactic structures. Imperative mood, as a verbal Feature, has been a matter of interest and wide exploration both in Russian and Persian.